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The , commonly known in English as the Laws for the Military Houses, was a collection of edicts issued by Japan's Tokugawa shogunate governing the responsibilities and activities of ''daimyō'' (feudal lords) and the rest of the samurai warrior aristocracy. These formed the basis of the ''bakuhan taisei'' (shogunate-domains system) which lay at the foundation of the Tokugawa regime. The contents of the edicts were seen as a code of conduct, a description of proper honorable ''daimyō'' behavior, and not solely laws which had to be obeyed. By appealing to notions of morality and honor, therefore, the shogunate was able to see its strictures followed despite its inability to enforce them directly. The edicts were first read to a gathering of ''daimyō'' by the retired shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, at Fushimi castle in the seventh lunar month of 1615. They had been compiled by a number of scholars in service to the shogunate including Ishin Sūden, and were aimed primarily at limiting the power of the ''daimyō'' and thus protecting the shogunate's control over the country. The reigning shogun at the time, Ieyasu's son Tokugawa Hidetada, formally promulgated the edicts shortly afterwards, and each successive shogun formally reissued them, reinforcing the restrictions on the ''daimyō'' and the control of the shogunate. Through these successive generations, however, the rules developed and changed significantly. ==Articles promulgated in 1615== # The samurai class should devote itself to pursuits appropriate to the warrior aristocracy, such as archery, swordsmanship, horsemanship, and classical literature. # Amusements and entertainments are to be kept within reasonable bounds and expenses for such activities are not to be excessive. # The ''han'' (feudal domains) are not to harbor fugitives and outlaws. # Domains must expel rebels and murderers from their service and from their lands. # ''Daimyō'' are not to engage in social interactions with the people (neither samurai nor commoners) of other domains. # Castles may be repaired, but such activity must be reported to the shogunate. Structural innovations and expansions are forbidden. # The formation of cliques for scheming or conspiracy in neighboring domains must be reported to the shogunate without delay, as must the expansion of defenses, fortifications, or military forces. # Marriages among ''daimyō'' and related persons of power or importance must not be arranged privately. # ''Daimyō'' must present themselves at Edo for service to the shogunate. # Conventions regarding formal uniform must be followed. # Miscellaneous persons are not to ride in palanquins. # Samurai throughout the realm are to practice frugality. # ''Daimyō'' must select men of ability to serve as administrators and bureaucrats. The 1615 edict contains the core of the shogunate's philosophy regarding samurai codes of conduct. Similar policies would be imposed upon commoners as well, reissued and reinforced many times over the course of the Edo period. Several items concern the need for frugality, a concept central to Confucian notions of proper governance. Others relate to sumptuary law, requiring people of certain stations to present themselves as such, in their dress, their modes of transportation, and in other ways. Some items were included to prevent the formation of alliances against the shogunate, for example, the items regarding social interactions between domains and marriages among the ''daimyō'' families. The ''fudai daimyō'' bore less power, were more trusted by the shogunate, and could be easily punished by having their domains and privileges rescinded. However, the ''tozama daimyō'' were far more powerful and less trusted and the shogunate lacked the strength to directly impose by force its policies within the ''tozama'' domains and rightfully feared the military potential of an alliance between multiple ''tozama'' domains. Regulations regarding the construction, expansion, and repair of fortifications also serve to prevent the build-up of military power that could be used against the shogunate, as does a reference to the policy of ''sankin kōtai'', by which ''daimyō'' were required to make elaborate pilgrimages to Edo regularly, to present themselves for service. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Buke shohatto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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